Environnement : milieu / zone climatique / profondeur / gamme de distribution
Écologie
marin; saumâtre démersal; profondeur 10 - 340 m (Ref. 56504), usually 10 - 150 m (Ref. 35388). Temperate; 71°N - 21°N, 49°W - 42°E
Eastern Atlantic: Norway to Morocco, Madeira, Iceland (Ref. 2723), including Greenland (Ref. 115160). Also known from the Mediterranean and Black Sea (Ref. 4697).
Longueur à la première maturité / Taille / Poids / Âge
Maturité: Lm 18.8, range 24 - ? cm
Max length : 60.0 cm TL mâle / non sexé; (Ref. 3397); common length : 30.0 cm TL mâle / non sexé; (Ref. 4697); poids max. publié: 956.00 g (Ref. 41256)
Head large without deep occipital groove. Vertebrae 37-39 (11-13 precaudal and 25-27 caudal).
Body shape (shape guide): elongated.
Common on sandy grounds, sometimes on rocky bottoms, and also on mud between coastline to 140 m depth. Up to depth of 340 m in the eastern Ionian Sea (Ref. 56504). Feeds on crustaceans, mostly shrimps and shore crabs; fishes, mostly gobies, flatfish, young herring and sand eels. Makes croaking sounds (Ref. 9987). Utilized fresh and frozen; eaten fried and baked (Ref. 9987).
The young are pelagic until attaining a length of 3 cm.
Bauchot, M.-L., 1987. Poissons osseux. p. 891-1421. In W. Fischer, M.L. Bauchot and M. Schneider (eds.) Fiches FAO d'identification pour les besoins de la pêche. (rev. 1). Méditerranée et mer Noire. Zone de pêche 37. Vol. II. Commission des Communautés Européennes and FAO, Rome. (Ref. 3397)
Statut dans la liste rouge de l'IUCN (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
Menace pour l'homme
Harmless
Utilisations par l'homme
Pêcheries: commercial
Outils
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Sources Internet
Estimations basées sur des modèles
Température préférée (Réf.
123201): 7.3 - 13.5, mean 10.1 °C (based on 1378 cells).
Indice de diversité phylogénétique (Réf.
82804): PD
50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00661 (0.00554 - 0.00788), b=3.06 (3.01 - 3.11), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Niveau trophique (Réf.
69278): 3.9 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 6.9 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2
growth studies.
Résilience (Réf.
120179): Faible, temps minimum de doublement de population : 4,5 à 14 années (K=0.16; tm=3-4; tmax=21; Fec=200,000).
Prior r = 0.74, 95% CL = 0.49 - 1.10, Based on 1 data-limited stock assessment.
Vulnérabilité de la pêche (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (55 of 100).
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Vulnérabilité climatique (Ref.
125649): Low to moderate vulnerability (27 of 100).
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Nutriments (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 42.8 [23.8, 88.7] mg/100g; Iron = 0.431 [0.232, 0.773] mg/100g; Protein = 17.6 [15.9, 19.4] %; Omega3 = 0.682 [0.312, 1.889] g/100g; Selenium = 21.1 [10.6, 47.8] μg/100g; VitaminA = 12.8 [4.8, 37.7] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.494 [0.355, 0.707] mg/100g (wet weight);
