Miljö: miljö / Klimatzon / djupintervall / distributionsområde
Ekologi
marina bottenlevande; djupintervall 50 - 500 m (Ref. 26999), usually 100 - 200 m (Ref. 26999). Subtropical; 45°N - 35°S, 98°W - 34°W
Western Atlantic: Canada (Ref. 5951) to Maine, USA and northern Gulf of Mexico to Uruguay. Eastern Atlantic: Senegal to Angola (Ref. 5512).
Längd vid första mognad / Storlek / Vikt / Ålder
Könsmognad: Lm 10.0  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 30.0 cm TL hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 7251); common length : 23.0 cm FL hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 47377)
Taggstrålar i ryggfenan (totalt) : 12; Mjukstrålar i ryggfenan (totalt) : 13 - 16; Taggstrålar i analfenan: 3; Mjukstrålar i analfenan: 15.
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal.
Occurs chiefly on the continental shelf, mostly on muddy bottoms (Ref. 2683). Juveniles occur in surface waters. Feeds mainly on small crustaceans. Forms large schools (Ref. 36543). Adults are demersal or bathypelagic (Ref. 47377).
Livscykel och parningsbeteende
Könsmognad | Reproduktion | Lek | Ägg | Fekunditet | Larver
Oviparous, gonochorous, with pelagic eggs (Ref. 101194).
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
Status på IUCN:s rödlista (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
Hot mot människor
Harmless
Mänskliga användningsområden
Fiskeri: mindre kommeriell
Verktyg
Särskilda rapporter
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Uppskattningar baserade på modeller
Önskad temperatur (Ref.
123201): 13 - 23.8, mean 19 °C (based on 119 cells).
Index för fylogenetisk mångfald (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5156 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01349 (0.00958 - 0.01899), b=2.93 (2.84 - 3.02), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Trofisk nivå (Ref.
69278): 3.5 ±0.50 se; based on food items.
Resiliens (Ref.
120179): Hög, lägsta populationsfördubblingstid mindre än 15 månader (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Sårbarhet i fisket (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (20 of 100).
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Näringsämnen (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 116 [65, 221] mg/100g; Iron = 1.35 [0.82, 2.33] mg/100g; Protein = 20.8 [18.8, 22.5] %; Omega3 = 0.484 [0.301, 0.780] g/100g; Selenium = 39.2 [19.5, 72.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 9.17 [3.11, 27.94] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.738 [0.524, 1.075] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.