Élasmobranches (requins et raies) (sharks and rays) >
Carcharhiniformes (Ground sharks) >
Sphyrnidae (Hammerhead, bonnethead, or scoophead sharks)
Etymology: Sphyrna: Probable misspelling of sphyra (Gr.), hammer, referring to their hammer-shaped heads (See ETYFish); tiburo: From tiburon, Spanish for shark, a name given by 16th- and 17th-century navigators to one or more large species of shark (See ETYFish).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Taxonomic Remarks
Sphyrna vespertina in the Eastern Pacific Ocean and Sphyrna alleni from Belize to Brazil, WA (Ref. 132488).
Environnement : milieu / zone climatique / profondeur / gamme de distribution
Écologie
marin; saumâtre récifal; oceano-estuarine (Ref. 87829); profondeur 10 - 80 m (Ref. 244). Subtropical; 45°N - 36°S, 121°W - 32°W (Ref. 55302)
Western Atlantic: North Carolina, U.S to Belize. Species complex with Sphyrna vespertina in the Eastern Pacific Ocean and Sphyrna alleni from Belize to Brazil, WA (Ref. 132488).
Longueur à la première maturité / Taille / Poids / Âge
Maturité: Lm 85.0, range 80 - 90 cm
Max length : 150 cm TL mâle / non sexé; (Ref. 5217); common length : 80.0 cm TL mâle / non sexé; (Ref. 5217); poids max. publié: 10.8 kg (Ref. 40637); âge max. reporté: 12 années (Ref. 26248)
Front of head semicircular in outline. No other hammerhead has front of head in semicircle. (Ref. 26938).
Body shape (shape guide): elongated.
Found on the continental and insular shelves, on inshore and coastal areas, over mud and sand bottoms, also on coral reefs. Often occur in shallow water including estuaries, shallow bays and over coral reefs (Ref. 9987). Spends night time hours on shallow grass flats, searching for nocturnally active invertebrate prey, moves into deeper water during the day (Ref. 27549). Adults feed mainly on crustaceans, also on bivalves, octopi, and small fish. However, this is the first shark species to demonstrate omnivorous digestive strategy (Ref. 118574). It has been shown through digestability analyses that bonnetheads have enzymes that can digest seagrass organic matter with at least moderate efficiency (Ref. 118574). Viviparous, with 6 to 9 young per litter. Size at birth about 35 to 40 cm. Not territorial. Always occurs in small groups. Considerable sexual segregation occurs. Shows diel rhythm of activity. Utilized for human consumption and processed for fishmeal.
Cycle de vie et comportement reproducteur
Maturité | Reproduction | Frai | Œufs | Fécondité | Larves
Viviparous, placental (Ref. 50449), with 6 to 9 young per litter. Size at birth about 35 to 40 cm.
Gonzalez, C., B. Postaire, W. Driggers, S. Caballero and D, Chapman, 2024. Sphyrna alleni sp. nov., a new hammerhead shark (Carcharhiniformes, Sphyrnidae) from the Caribbean and the Southwest Atlantic. Zootaxa 5512(4):491-511. (Ref. 132488)
Statut dans la liste rouge de l'IUCN (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
Menace pour l'homme
Harmless
Utilisations par l'homme
Pêcheries: commercial; pêche sportive: oui
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Sources Internet
Estimations basées sur des modèles
Température préférée (Réf.
123201): 21.8 - 28, mean 25 °C (based on 368 cells).
Indice de diversité phylogénétique (Réf.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5006 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00204 (0.00116 - 0.00359), b=3.10 (2.94 - 3.26), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
Niveau trophique (Réf.
69278): 3.9 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
Résilience (Réf.
120179): Très faible, temps minimum de doublement de population supérieur à 14 ans (K=0.17-0.34; tm=3; tmax=12; Fec=3).
Vulnérabilité de la pêche (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (57 of 100).
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Nutriments (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 6.95 [1.35, 35.56] mg/100g; Iron = 0.372 [0.090, 1.111] mg/100g; Protein = 21.3 [19.1, 23.4] %; Omega3 = 0.115 [0.044, 0.282] g/100g; Selenium = 15.4 [4.2, 49.6] μg/100g; VitaminA = 16.5 [4.9, 59.7] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.52 [0.24, 1.15] mg/100g (wet weight);
