分类 / 名称
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Elasmobranchii
板鳃亚纲 (鲨鱼与 鱼) (sharks and rays) >
Torpediniformes (Electric rays) >
Torpedinidae (Electric rays)
Etymology: Torpedo: Latin, torpere = be sluggish (Ref. 45335).
Taxonomic Remarks
Torpedo zugmayeri Engelhardt, 1912 could be a valid species after Weigmann (2016; Ref. 106604) (valid in ECoF, v. Jan. 2021).
环境：氛围 / 气候带 / 深度上下限 / 分布范围
生态学
海洋; 半咸淡水 礁区鱼类; 深度上下限 1 - 200 m (Ref. 9710). 熱帶; 30°N - 31°S, 30°E - 72°E (Ref. 114953)
Western Indian Ocean: Persian Gulf (Ref. 80050), Red Sea eastward to India (Ref. 2712) and southward to Natal, South Africa (Ref. 5578).
西印度洋: 紅海向東至印度 (參考文獻 2712) 而且向南至南非的納塔爾。 (參考文獻 5578)
大小 / 重量 / 年龄
成熟度: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 130 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 2712)
简单描述
检索表 | 型态特徵 | 形态测量图
Large ray with a small caudal fin and with papillae around the spiracles (Ref. 5578). Bright color pattern of circles and irregular marks, cream or golden on dark red or brown to blackish background dorsally (Ref. 5578).
Body shape (shape guide): other.
大型 鱼具有一个小的尾鳍与和乳突呼吸孔的周围.(参考文献 5578) 圆圈与不规则的标志明亮彩色斑纹, 乳黄色或金色在暗红色或褐色到黑色的背景上背面.(参考文献 5578)
Found inshore in sandy bottoms, and well offshore from the surf zone down to 200 m (Ref. 5578). Also on or near coral reefs (Ref. 12951, Ref. 114953). Common in shallow sandy areas (Ref. 2712). Feeds on bony fishes (Ref. 12951) and benthic invertebrates (Ref. 114953). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Males mature by 30 cm TL (Ref. 114953). Occurs singly but may form groups during the breeding season (Ref. 12951). Occasionally hooked by anglers, more often seen by divers; can deliver a strong shock (Ref. 2712). Flesh is edible (Ref. 12484). Can survive for hours after being stranded on the beach (Ref. 41394).
在砂质底部中发现于岸边了，而且相当外海从海浪区向下至 200 公尺。 (参考文献 5578) 也之上或附近珊瑚礁。 (参考文献 12951) 常见于水浅的沙地区域。 (参考文献 2712) 吃硬骨鱼类。 (参考文献 12951) 卵胎生的.(参考文献 50449) 各别地生存在繁殖季节的时候但是可能形成群.(参考文献 12951) 偶然地被垂钓者钓获了,更时常被潜水者看到; 能传送一个强的惊吓。 (参考文献 2712) 肉是可食用的。 (参考文献 12484) 在海滩上被搁浅之后能存活长达数小时之久。 (参考文献 41394)
生命周期和交配行为
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). With 9-22 in a litter (Ref. 12951). Form aggregations during the reproductive season (Ref. 41394).西印度洋: 紅海向東至印度 (參考文獻 2712) 而且向南至南非的納塔爾。 (參考文獻 5578)
Compagno, L.J.V., 1986. Torpedinidae. p. 112-113. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (Ref. 2712)
世界自然保护联盟红皮书 (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
人类利用
渔业: bycatch; 游钓鱼种: 是的
工具
特别资料
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网络资源
基于模型的估算
首选温度 (参考文献
123201): 21.8 - 28.3, mean 25.5 °C (based on 370 cells).
系统发育多样性指数 (参考文献
82804): PD
50 = 0.5005 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01585 (0.00982 - 0.02557), b=3.00 (2.86 - 3.14), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (参考文献
69278): 4.5 ±0.80 se; based on food items.
回复力 (参考文献
120179): 非常低的, 最小族群倍增时间超过14 年 (Fec=9-22).
渔业脆弱性 (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (78 of 100).
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