Miljö: miljö / Klimatzon / djupintervall / distributionsområde
Ekologi
marina bottenlevande; havsvandrande (Ref. 51243); djupintervall 5 - 50 m (Ref. 6302). Temperate; 64°N - 26°N, 24°W - 42°E
Eastern Atlantic: 68°N to Morocco. Reported from Iceland (Ref. 12462). Also known throughout the Mediterranean and Black Sea.
Längd vid första mognad / Storlek / Vikt / Ålder
Könsmognad: Lm 37.0, range 33 - 41 cm
Max length : 75.0 cm TL hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 35388); common length : 30.0 cm TL hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 3397); publicerad maxvikt: 8.0 kg (Ref. 35388); rapporterad maxålder: 6 år (Ref. 38118)
Thinner and more slender body. Skin with small, smooth scales, without bony tubercle. Able to change color of the eyed side, matching the bottom they rest on. Color is often olive green, with dark and light spots (Ref. 35388).
Body shape (shape guide): short and / or deep.
Lives on sandy or mixed bottoms; feeds on bottom-living fishes and larger crustaceans. Marketed fresh and frozen; eaten steamed, fried, broiled, boiled, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9988).
Bauchot, M.-L., 1987. Poissons osseux. p. 891-1421. In W. Fischer, M.L. Bauchot and M. Schneider (eds.) Fiches FAO d'identification pour les besoins de la pêche. (rev. 1). Méditerranée et mer Noire. Zone de pêche 37. Vol. II. Commission des Communautés Européennes and FAO, Rome. (Ref. 3397)
Status på IUCN:s rödlista (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
Hot mot människor
Harmless
Mänskliga användningsområden
Fiskeri: kommersiell; sportfisk: ja
Verktyg
Särskilda rapporter
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Uppskattningar baserade på modeller
Önskad temperatur (Ref.
123201): 8.4 - 19.5, mean 11.2 °C (based on 472 cells).
Index för fylogenetisk mångfald (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5645 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01096 (0.00893 - 0.01346), b=3.01 (2.95 - 3.07), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Trofisk nivå (Ref.
69278): 4.4 ±0.1 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 4.1 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2
growth studies.
Resiliens (Ref.
120179): Mellan, lägsta populationsfördubblingstid 1,4-4,4 år (tm=3-5; tmax=6).
Prior r = 0.47, 95% CL = 0.31 - 0.70, Based on 5 full stock assessments.
Sårbarhet i fisket (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (36 of 100).
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Sårbarhet för klimatet (Ref.
125649): Moderate to high vulnerability (54 of 100).
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Näringsämnen (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 37.7 [14.9, 70.5] mg/100g; Iron = 0.174 [0.061, 0.770] mg/100g; Protein = 19.3 [17.8, 20.8] %; Omega3 = 0.262 [0.140, 0.491] g/100g; Selenium = 14 [6, 33] μg/100g; VitaminA = 8.74 [1.87, 40.75] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.145 [0.082, 0.500] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
