Lingkungan: lingkungan / zona iklim / kisaran kedalaman / jangkauan distribusi
Ekologi
laut; payau dasar (demersal); oceanodromus (Ref. 51243); kisaran kedalaman 10 - ? m. Subtropical; 46°N - 51°S
Western Atlantic: Nova Scotia (Ref. 7251) to Florida, Gulf of Mexico, the Antilles (uncommon), and the southern Caribbean coast; also from the Orinoco delta to Argentina.
Panjang pada saat jatuh tempo pertama / Ukuran / Berat / umur
Kematangan: Lm 64.5, range 63 - ? cm
Max length : 170 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 7251); common length : 50.0 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 3702); Berat maksimum terpublikasi: 51.3 kg (Ref. 4699); Umur maksimum dilaporkan: 43 Tahun (Ref. 7188)
Duri punggung (Keseluruhan (total)) : 11; duri punggung lunak (Keseluruhan (total)) : 19 - 22; Duri dubur: 2; Sirip dubur lunak: 5 - 7. Silvery grey to very dark, young with 4 or 5 black vertical bars on sides, disappearing with growth; pelvic and anal fins usually dark. Chin with 5 pores and 10 to 13 pairs of small barbels along median edges of lower jaws and subopercles, increasing in length posteriorly. Gas bladder with numerous lateral appendages interconnected in a complicated pattern in adult. Sagitta semicircular and moderately thin (Ref 51721).
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal.
Found usually over sand and sandy mud bottoms in coastal waters, especially in areas with large river runoffs. Juveniles often enter estuaries. Feeds mainly on crustaceans, mollusks and fishes.
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
Status IUCN Red List (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
ancaman kepada manusia
Harmless
penggunaan manusia
Perikanan: komersial; Ikan buruan: ya; Akuarium: Akuarium publik
Alat, peralatan
laporan khas
muat turun XML
Sumber internet
Estimasi berdasarkan model
Suhu yang disukai (Acuan
123201): 10.8 - 27.6, mean 23.5 °C (based on 326 cells).
Indeks keanekaragaman filogenetik (Acuan
82804): PD
50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00851 (0.00776 - 0.00934), b=3.07 (3.04 - 3.10), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Tingkat Trofik (Acuan
69278): 3.4 ±0.5 se; based on diet studies.
Daya lenting (Acuan
120179): sedang, Waktu penggandaan populasi minimum 1.4 - 4.4 tahun (K=0.17; tm=3-5; tmax=43).
Kerentanan Penangkapan Ikan (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (60 of 100).
🛈
Kerentanan Iklim (Ref.
125649): Moderate to high vulnerability (54 of 100).
🛈
Nutrisi (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 38.1 [22.4, 72.3] mg/100g; Iron = 0.803 [0.422, 1.361] mg/100g; Protein = 19.7 [18.0, 21.7] %; Omega3 = 0.289 [0.175, 0.459] g/100g; Selenium = 37.5 [20.9, 71.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 4.98 [1.88, 15.13] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.611 [0.443, 0.888] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
