Miljö: miljö / Klimatzon / djupintervall / distributionsområde
Ekologi
marina; brackvatten bentopelagisk; havsvandrande (Ref. 51243); djupintervall 50 - ? m (Ref. 9987). Tropical; 31°N - 12°S, 40°E - 153°E (Ref. 54462)
Indo-West Pacific: Somalia to Papua New Guinea, north to Japan and south to Indonesia.
Längd vid första mognad / Storlek / Vikt / Ålder
Könsmognad: Lm ?, range 13 - ? cm
Max length : 61.0 cm TL hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 43449); common length : 25.0 cm TL hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 30573)
Taggstrålar i ryggfenan (totalt) : 0; Mjukstrålar i ryggfenan (totalt) : 11 - 13; Taggstrålar i analfenan: 0; Mjukstrålar i analfenan: 13 - 15. Scales restricted to posterior half of the body. Posterior tip of pectoral fin reaching origin of pelvic fin.
Body shape (shape guide): elongated.
Inhabit deep water offshore on sandy mud bottom for most of the year, but also gathers in large shoals in deltas of rivers to feed during monsoons (Ref. 9987, 11230). Spawn 6 batches of broods per year (Ref. 43449). An aggressive predator (Ref. 9987). Primarily caught along Maharashtra with the bag-net, better known as 'dol' net. Operation of this gear is timed to a strong tidal current. The bag with the mouth set against the current strains the fish which is being retained therein by the strength of the current. The net is thus retrieved before the tide turns. Very phosphorescent. Excellent food fish. Marketed fresh and dried or salted; consumed pan-fried (Ref. 9987).
Whitehead, P.J.P., 1984. Harpadontidae. In W. Fischer and G. Bianchi (eds.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Indian Ocean fishing area 51. Vol. 2. [pag. var.]. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 3417)
Status på IUCN:s rödlista (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
Hot mot människor
Harmless
Mänskliga användningsområden
Fiskeri: kommersiellt viktig
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Uppskattningar baserade på modeller
Önskad temperatur (Ref.
123201): 16.8 - 26, mean 21.2 °C (based on 405 cells).
Index för fylogenetisk mångfald (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5078 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00427 (0.00333 - 0.00547), b=3.14 (3.08 - 3.20), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Trofisk nivå (Ref.
69278): 4.1 ±0.74 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 1.5 (1.1 - 2.1) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 10
growth studies.
Resiliens (Ref.
120179): Hög, lägsta populationsfördubblingstid mindre än 15 månader (K=0.18-0.9; Fec=89,600).
Prior r = 1.16, 95% CL = 0.77 - 1.75, Based on 5 data-limited stock assessments.
Sårbarhet i fisket (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (26 of 100).
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Sårbarhet för klimatet (Ref.
125649): Moderate to high vulnerability (53 of 100).
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Näringsämnen (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 58.7 [27.2, 166.1] mg/100g; Iron = 0.333 [0.155, 0.934] mg/100g; Protein = 12.3 [10.2, 15.6] %; Omega3 = 0.0747 [, ] g/100g; Selenium = 28 [12, 74] μg/100g; VitaminA = 8.22 [2.60, 29.21] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.368 [0.246, 0.916] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
