Ambiente: milieu / zona climática / intervalo de profundidade / gama de distribuição
Ecologia
marinhas associadas(os) a recifes; oceanódromo (Ref. 51243); intervalo de profundidade 1 - 100 m (Ref. 89707). Tropical; 36°N - 8°N, 98°W - 58°W (Ref. 5222)
Western Atlantic: North Carolina, USA to Paraíba, Brazil (Ref. 57756). The most common species of Epinephelus in the West Indies.
Comprimento na primeira maturidade / Tamanho / Peso / Idade
Maturidade: Lm 25.0 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 76.0 cm TL macho/indeterminado; (Ref. 5222); common length : 40.0 cm TL macho/indeterminado; (Ref. 5217); peso máx. Publicado: 25.0 kg (Ref. 5217); Idade máx. registada: 22 anos (Ref. 31471)
Espinhos dorsais (total) : 11; Raios dorsais moles (total) : 15 - 16; Espinhos anais: 3; Raios anais moles: 8. Scales cycloid except for a ctenoid patch of variable size in the pectoral region. Greenish gray to light brown on the back grading to white ventrally, with numerous well-spaced dull orange-red to brown spots on the head, body and fins. Five faint diagonal bars formed by darker spots on the sides. No saddle-shaped blotch on caudal peduncle or along base of dorsal fin (Ref. 26938); further characterized by having body depth contained 2.7-3.1 times in standard length; head length 2.3-2.4 times in standard length; evenly serrate preopercle, without salient angle; posterior nostril larger than anterior nostril (Ref. 89707).
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal; Cross section: oval.
Found in shallow reefs and rocky bottoms, occurring down to depths of at least 100 meters (Ref. 89707). Usually solitary and territorial. Feed mainly on crabs (Calapa and Mithrax) and other crustaceans (alpheid shrimps and scyllarid lobsters), fishes (labrids and haemulids), and octopus. Some undergo sexual inversion at 28 cm TL; most fish larger than 40 cm are males. Important in terms of numbers caught and total weight of landings in the Caribbean.
Easily approached by divers (Ref. 9710). Hermaphrodite species. Excellent food fish (Ref. 26938). Readily caught on hook and line and easily speared (Ref. 13442).
Females rest on or close to the bottom, while males patrol around an area that consists of 1 to 5 females and defend this territory from other males. Form aggregation and reproduce almost exclusively within the aggregation period (Ref. 8557).
Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall, 1993. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222)
Categoria na Lista Vermelha da IUCN (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
Ameaça para o homem
Reports of ciguatera poisoning (Ref. 31172)
Utilização humana
Pescarias: altamente comercial; peixe desportivo: sim
Ferramentas
Relatórios especiais
Descarregue XML
Fontes da internet
Estimativas baseadas em modelos
Índice de diversidade filogenética (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01148 (0.01017 - 0.01296), b=3.04 (3.02 - 3.06), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Nível Trófico (Ref.
69278): 3.8 ±0.3 se; based on diet studies.
Resiliência (Ref.
120179): Médio, tempo mínimo de duplicação da população 1,4 - 4,4 anos (K=0.12-0.24; tm=3; tmax=17; Fec=96,000).
Prior r = 0.43, 95% CL = 0.28 - 0.64, Based on 2 data-limited stock assessments.
Vulnerabilidade da pesca (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (52 of 100).
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Vulnerabilidade climática (Ref.
125649): Very high vulnerability (88 of 100).
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Nutrientes (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 21 [10, 46] mg/100g; Iron = 0.452 [0.243, 0.903] mg/100g; Protein = 18.5 [17.0, 19.9] %; Omega3 = 0.126 [0.078, 0.201] g/100g; Selenium = 47.2 [27.8, 83.6] μg/100g; VitaminA = 141 [40, 485] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.15 [0.81, 1.60] mg/100g (wet weight);
