分類 / 名稱
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
環境： 環境 / 氣候帶 / 深度上下限 / 配送範圍
生態學
海洋 居於水底的; 深度上下限 1 - 120 m (Ref. 36484), usually ? - 15 m (Ref. 3589). 熱帶; 40°N - 24°S, 99°W - 9°E (Ref. 5222)
Western Atlantic: Massachusetts, USA and Bermuda to the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean and southern Brazil. Eastern Atlantic: Ascension and St. Helena islands; dubious records from the Canary Islands, Cape Verde and South Africa (Ref. 1496, 1953, 6572) are discussed by Heemstra (Ref. 6512). Also recorded from eastern Atlantic from Sao Tome in the Gulf of Guinea and from the Azores (Portugal) (Ref. 089707).
西大西洋: 美國麻薩諸塞州與百慕達群島到墨西哥灣, 那加勒比海的與巴西南部。 東大西洋: 阿森松島與聖赫勒拿島; 可疑的來自加納利群島, 維德角的紀錄與南非 (參考文獻 1496,1953,6572) 被 Heemstra 討論.(參考文獻 6512)
初熟時的長度 / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
成熟度: Lm 30.4, range 25 - 36 cm
Max length : 65.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 118680); common length : 35.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 5217); 最大體重: 4.5 kg (Ref. 118249); 最大年齡: 25 年 (Ref. 118249)
背棘 (總數) : 11; 背的軟條 (總數) : 16 - 17; 臀棘: 3; 臀鰭軟條: 8. Maxilla without scales. Preopercle with rounded, only slightly enlarged, spines at its angle. Opercle with 3 flat spines, middle one the largest. Pelvic fins shorter than pectorals and shorter than longest dorsal spine. Bases of soft dorsal and anal fins covered with scales and thick skin. 2 or 3 dark saddles along base of dorsal fin and another on top of caudal peduncle. Tan with red spots on head, body and fins, spots becoming larger ventrally (Ref. 26938); characterized further by: body depth less than head length, 2.6-3.2 times in SL; head length 2.1-2.5 in SL; interorbital area flat or slightly concave; preopercle evenly serrate; smooth subopercle and interopercle; subequal posterior and anterior nostrils (Ref. 089707).
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal.
顎骨沒有鱗片。 前鰓蓋骨有圓的, 只些微地增大了, 棘在其角上。 鰓蓋有 3根平坦的棘，中央一最大的。 腹鰭短於胸鰭與短於長的背棘。 軟背鰭與臀鰭的基底覆蓋著鱗片與厚的皮膚了。 2 或 3 黑的鞍狀斑沿著背鰭基底而且另一個在尾柄的頂端上。 黃褐色的在頭部，身體與鰭上有紅色的斑點, 斑點腹地變得比較大的.(參考文獻 26938)
Inhabits rocky reefs. Usually solitary (Ref. 29). Difficult to approach (Ref. 9710). Juveniles often seen in rockpools (Ref. 86997). Feeds mainly on crabs (67%) and fishes (20%). In the Ascension I., feeds on juvenile Melichthys niger and young sea turtles. Its flesh is of good quality. Marketed fresh. Angling: Like other grouper, rock hind are caught by fishing at the right depth over an irregular bottom (Ref. 84357).
棲息於岩礁。 通常獨居性的.(參考文獻 29) 主要吃螃蟹 (67%) 與魚 (20%) 。 在 Ascension 島，它吃稚魚 Melichthys niger 與幼魚海龜。 困難的接近.(參考文獻 9710) 它的肉是有好品質的。 在市場上銷售生鮮地了。
生命週期和交配行為
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
西大西洋: 美國麻薩諸塞州與百慕達群島到墨西哥灣, 那加勒比海的與巴西南部。 東大西洋: 阿森松島與聖赫勒拿島; 可疑的來自加納利群島, 維德角的紀錄與南非 (參考文獻 1496,1953,6572) 被 Heemstra 討論.(參考文獻 6512)
Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall, 1993. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
無危 (LC) ; Date assessed: 12 May 2017
人類使用
漁業: 高經濟性; 游釣魚種: 是的
工具
特別的報告
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網路資源
基於模型的估計
首選溫度 (參考文獻
123201): 24.2 - 28.1, mean 27.3 °C (based on 1043 cells).
系統發育多樣性指數 (參考文獻
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01175 (0.00735 - 0.01879), b=3.10 (2.97 - 3.23), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (參考文獻
69278): 3.5 ±0.4 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (參考文獻
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (K=0.11).
釣魚的脆弱性 (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (63 of 100).
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營養素 (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 86.2 [37.2, 188.8] mg/100g; Iron = 0.991 [0.462, 2.360] mg/100g; Protein = 17.7 [16.1, 19.2] %; Omega3 = 0.203 [0.104, 0.371] g/100g; Selenium = 71.6 [34.9, 165.7] μg/100g; VitaminA = 32.5 [8.0, 126.3] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.24 [0.78, 2.01] mg/100g (wet weight);
