分类 / 名称
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
环境：氛围 / 气候带 / 深度上下限 / 分布范围
生态学
海洋; 半咸淡水 居于水底的; 深度上下限 75 - ? m (Ref. 114953). 亞熱帶的; 17°S - 36°S, 10°E - 34°E (Ref. 114953)
Southeast Atlantic to West Indian Ocean: Angola to South Africa and southern Mozambique.
東南大西洋: 那米比亞到南非納塔爾中部。 來自馬達加斯加的記錄不確定。 (參考文獻 3919)
大小 / 重量 / 年龄
成熟度: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 140 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 3919)
Found from the surf line to about 70 m depth (Ref. 5578), also reported as common in shallow waters to at least 75 m depth (Ref. 114953); also enters estuaries (Ref. 27121). Feeds on crustaceans, bivalves, polychaete worms and small bony fishes (Ref. 5578). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Males mature at ca. 59 cm TL, females at 62-65 cm TL; born at ca. 23 cm TL. Produces litters of 2-10 pups (Ref. 114953). Taken by surf anglers (Ref. 3919). Flesh highly esteemed (Ref. 3919). It is parasitised by the monogeneans Pseudoleptobothrium christisoni on the dorsal skin surface (Ref. 124055) and Neoheterocotyle robii on the gill lamellae (Ref. 124054).
从碎浪区到大约 70 公尺深发现了;(参考文献 5578) 也进入河口。 (参考文献 27121) 吃甲壳动物，二枚贝，多毛类的蠕虫与小的硬骨鱼类。 (参考文献 5578) 卵胎生的.(参考文献 50449) 采自了海边垂钓者。 (参考文献 3919) 肉深受喜爱的。 (参考文献 3919)
生命周期和交配行为
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). 2-10 young born in the summer (Ref. 5578).東南大西洋: 那米比亞到南非納塔爾中部。 來自馬達加斯加的記錄不確定。 (參考文獻 3919)
Compagno, L.J.V., 1986. Rhinobatidae. p. 128-131. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (Ref. 3919)
世界自然保护联盟红皮书 (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
易受伤害 (VU) (A2bcd); Date assessed: 01 August 2019
人类利用
渔业: 商业性; 游钓鱼种: 是的; 水族馆: 商业性
工具
特别资料
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网络资源
基于模型的估算
首选温度 (参考文献
123201): 16.1 - 25.7, mean 22 °C (based on 36 cells).
系统发育多样性指数 (参考文献
82804): PD
50 = 0.5010 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00214 (0.00123 - 0.00371), b=3.06 (2.90 - 3.22), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (参考文献
69278): 3.5 ±0.51 se; based on food items.
回复力 (参考文献
120179): 非常低的, 最小族群倍增时间超过14 年 (Fec=2).
渔业脆弱性 (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (84 of 100).
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