Miljö: miljö / Klimatzon / djupintervall / distributionsområde
Ekologi
marina; brackvatten bentopelagisk; djupintervall 10 - 150 m (Ref. 35388), usually 10 - 150 m (Ref. 35388). Temperate; 73°N - 49°N, 54°W - 60°E
Northeast Atlantic: 74°N (Novaya Zemlya and Bear Islands) to 49°N (Channel Islands, western English Channel), including eastern Greenland, Iceland, Barents Sea (but not the White Sea) and the Baltic (but not the Gulf of Bothnia and Finland).
Längd vid första mognad / Storlek / Vikt / Ålder
Könsmognad: Lm ?, range 11 - ? cm
Max length : 25.0 cm TL hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 232); rapporterad maxålder: 10 år (Ref. 35388)
Taggstrålar i ryggfenan (totalt) : 0; Mjukstrålar i ryggfenan (totalt) : 56 - 63; Mjukstrålar i analfenan: 29 - 33. Scales absent from a median band anterior to the dorsal fin and from the musculature at the base of caudal fin. Belly scales loosely arranged, not in chevrons. Vertebrae 65-75. Margins of dorsal and anal fins straight with rays of equal length. Lateral line pores linearly arranged along the unbranched canals.
Body shape (shape guide): elongated.
This schooling species is usually territorial and burrowing (Ref. 40). Feed on plankton. High activity is correlated to periods with strong tidal currents; then they leave their bottom hides and form large shoals. During low light intensity (night and winter) they bury in the bottom (Ref. 35388).
Muus, B.J. and J.G. Nielsen, 1999. Sea fish. Scandinavian Fishing Year Book, Hedehusene, Denmark. 340 p. (Ref. 35388)
Status på IUCN:s rödlista (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
Hot mot människor
Harmless
Mänskliga användningsområden
Fiskeri: kommersiell
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Uppskattningar baserade på modeller
Önskad temperatur (Ref.
123201): 6.7 - 11, mean 9.7 °C (based on 1058 cells).
Index för fylogenetisk mångfald (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5078 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00288 (0.00211 - 0.00394), b=3.10 (3.03 - 3.17), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Trofisk nivå (Ref.
69278): 3.3 ±0.40 se; based on food items.
Resiliens (Ref.
120179): Mellan, lägsta populationsfördubblingstid 1,4-4,4 år (K=0.16-0.89; tm=1-3; tmax=10; Fec=4,000).
Sårbarhet i fisket (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (30 of 100).
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Näringsämnen (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 44.2 [24.8, 86.8] mg/100g; Iron = 0.34 [0.20, 0.60] mg/100g; Protein = 18.6 [17.2, 19.8] %; Omega3 = 0.448 [0.217, 0.891] g/100g; Selenium = 14.2 [5.9, 30.8] μg/100g; VitaminA = 36.1 [12.4, 109.0] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.825 [0.582, 1.152] mg/100g (wet weight);
