分類 / 名稱
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
環境： 環境 / 氣候帶 / 深度上下限 / 配送範圍
生態學
海洋; 半鹹淡水 居於水底的; 深度上下限 0 - 60 m (Ref. 9342). 亞熱帶的; 34°N - 9°S, 118°W - 79°W (Ref. 5222)
Eastern Central Pacific: San Francisco Bay, California, USA to Peru and the Galapagos Islands.
中太平洋東部: 舊金山海灣, 美國加州到祕魯與加拉巴哥群島。
大小 / 重量 / 年齡
成熟度: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 150 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 5222); 最大體重: 91.0 kg (Ref. 2850)
背棘 (總數) : 11; 背的軟條 (總數) : 15 - 16; 臀棘: 3; 臀鰭軟條: 10 - 11. Distinguished by the following characteristics: two color patterns, first is brown blotched pattern, grey or greyish green with oblong dark blotches dorsally, forming an irregular maze-like, pale reticulum, second is plain colored pattern is uniform greyish brown, darker fins and edged with white; depth of body contained 2.9-3.1 times in SL; head length 2.6-2.8 times in SL; angular preopercle, with distinct serrate lobe at angle; posterior nostrils notably larger than anterior nostrils (Ref. 89707).
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal; Cross section: oval.
Occurs from mangrove area to over hard bottom of the continental shelf and the slope (Ref. 11035). According to Thomson et al. (1979, Ref. 6852), this species prefers mangrove estuaries. Adults and juveniles occur in shallow water with adults found to depths of 60 m.
生存於紅樹林區域到超過大陸棚與斜坡的堅硬底部。 (參考文獻 11035) 根據湯姆森等人。 (1979, 參考文獻 6852), 這種偏愛紅樹林河口。 成魚與稚魚與發現到深度 60 公尺的成魚出現在淺水區。
生命週期和交配行為
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
中太平洋東部: 舊金山海灣, 美國加州到祕魯與加拉巴哥群島。
Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall, 1993. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
人類使用
漁業: 低經濟; 游釣魚種: 是的
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網路資源
基於模型的估計
首選溫度 (參考文獻
123201): 19.5 - 28.6, mean 24.6 °C (based on 78 cells).
系統發育多樣性指數 (參考文獻
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00912 (0.00416 - 0.02000), b=3.05 (2.88 - 3.22), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (參考文獻
69278): 4.5 ±0.8 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
回復力 (參考文獻
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (Musick et al. 2000 (Ref.
36717)).
釣魚的脆弱性 (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (90 of 100).
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氣候脆弱性 (Ref.
125649): Very high vulnerability (85 of 100).
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營養素 (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 33.8 [13.6, 69.2] mg/100g; Iron = 0.768 [0.417, 1.456] mg/100g; Protein = 18.9 [17.0, 20.6] %; Omega3 = 0.319 [0.193, 0.557] g/100g; Selenium = 30 [15, 61] μg/100g; VitaminA = 14.1 [4.3, 55.2] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.561 [0.392, 0.838] mg/100g (wet weight);
