Miljö: miljö / Klimatzon / djupintervall / distributionsområde
Ekologi
marina pelagic-oceanic; havsvandrande (Ref. 51243); djupintervall 0 - ? m. Subtropical
Eastern Pacific: southern California, USA to Panama, including the Galapagos Islands; rare in northern Baja California, Mexico. Range extends to Ecuador (Ref. 36576).
Storlek / Vikt / Ålder
Könsmognad: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 48.0 cm TL hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 2850); common length : 35.0 cm TL hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 9306); publicerad maxvikt: 223.25 g (Ref. 124487)
Kort beskrivning
Bestämningsnycklar | Morfologi | Morfometri
Taggstrålar i ryggfenan (totalt) : 0; Mjukstrålar i ryggfenan (totalt) : 12 - 15; Taggstrålar i analfenan: 0; Mjukstrålar i analfenan: 11 - 13; Ryggkotor: 54 - 58. Body elongate; lower jaw very prolonged; upper jaw short, triangular, and without scales; lower branch of first gill arch with 26 to 32 gill rakers; fins lacking spines; pectoral fins long; caudal fin deeply forked, the lower lobe longer than the upper; anal fin with 10 to 13 rays; back dark blue; flanks and belly silvery white; edge of lower jaw red; upper lobe of caudal fin violet blue, its tip red (Ref. 55763). Branchiostegal rays: 13-15 (Ref. 36576).
Body shape (shape guide): elongated.
An oceanic species which occurs near surface. Adults form very big schools (Ref. 9306). Feed on small fishes and planktonic organisms (Ref. 9306). Oviparous, with planktonic larvae (Ref. 36576). Eggs are attached to floating objects via filaments (Ref. 36576). Found in markets of Panama (Ref. 9306).
Livscykel och parningsbeteende
Könsmognad | Reproduktion | Lek | Ägg | Fekunditet | Larver
Eschmeyer, W.N., E.S. Herald and H. Hammann, 1983. A field guide to Pacific coast fishes of North America. Boston (MA, USA): Houghton Mifflin Company. xii+336 p. (Ref. 2850)
Status på IUCN:s rödlista (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
Hot mot människor
Harmless
Mänskliga användningsområden
Fiskeri: kommersiell; bete: occasionally
Verktyg
Särskilda rapporter
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Uppskattningar baserade på modeller
Önskad temperatur (Ref.
123201): 15.2 - 26.4, mean 19.7 °C (based on 68 cells).
Index för fylogenetisk mångfald (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5005 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00380 (0.00211 - 0.00684), b=2.98 (2.83 - 3.13), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Trofisk nivå (Ref.
69278): 4.0 ±0.65 se; based on food items.
Resiliens (Ref.
120179): Hög, lägsta populationsfördubblingstid mindre än 15 månader (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Sårbarhet i fisket (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (38 of 100).
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