Lingkungan: lingkungan / zona iklim / kisaran kedalaman / jangkauan distribusi
Ekologi
laut berasosiasi dengan karang; nir-ruaya (Ref. 52884); kisaran kedalaman 3 - 100 m (Ref. 7379). Subtropical; 33°N - 30°S, 99°W - 14°W
Western Atlantic: Florida, USA and Bahamas to Brazil, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean (Ref. 26938). Eastern Atlantic: off Ascension Island (Ref. 7379) and St. Paul's Rocks (Ref. 13121).
Panjang pada saat jatuh tempo pertama / Ukuran / Berat / umur
Kematangan: Lm 23.3, range 15 - 25 cm
Max length : 41.1 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 9626); common length : 28.0 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 3797); Umur maksimum dilaporkan: 27 Tahun (Ref. 118244)
Duri punggung (Keseluruhan (total)) : 10; duri punggung lunak (Keseluruhan (total)) : 29 - 31; Duri dubur: 3; Sirip dubur lunak: 22 - 24. Black, the scales of the body , except those at front from nape to abdomen, rimmed with golden yellow; a broad orange-yellow bar at pectoral absent; dorsal filament yellow; chin whitish; outer part of iris yellow; eye narrowly rimmed below with blue (Ref. 13442)
Body shape (shape guide): short and / or deep; Cross section: compressed.
Adults are common in shallow reefs usually in pairs, often near sea fans (Ref. 9710). They feed on sponges, algae, bryozoans, zoantharians, gorgonians and tunicates (Ref. 9626). Oviparous (Ref. 240), monogamous (Ref. 52884). Spawning pairs are strongly territorial, with usually both members vigorously defending their areas against neighboring pairs (Ref. 38726). Juveniles tend cleaning stations where they service a broad range of clients, including jacks, snappers, morays, grunts, surgeonfishes, and wrasses. At the station the cleaner displays a fluttering swimming and when cleaning it touches the clients with its pelvic fins (Ref. 40094). Flesh considered good quality; marketed fresh (Ref. 3797). Has been reared in captivity (Ref. 35419).
This species manifests apparent permanent pairing and monogamy. During most of the observation period, a single pair swam slowly in a side-to-side orientation at a height of 25 to 75 cm above the reef. No conspicuous courtship displays were evident, nor was there any evidence of sexual identity, i.e., the female was not obviously swollen with eggs. Shortly after sunset, the pair ascended in a broad, shallow arc off the bottom, traversing approximately 7 to 10 m while ascending to a height of 2 to 3 m. As the pair ascended, each angled its body slightly, with their venters in close proximity, if not actually touching. This position was held throughout the peak of the arc, with the pair diverging on the descent. Other pairs in the area were seen making similar arcing movements elsewhere on the reef at approximately the same time. It was difficult to see if there were gametes released in the event. There was no interference between pairs during spawning. Monogamous mating is observed as both obligate and social (Ref. 52884).
Allen, G.R., 1985. Butterfly and angelfishes of the world. Vol. 2. 3rd edit. in English. Mergus Publishers, Melle, Germany. (Ref. 4858)
Status IUCN Red List (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
ancaman kepada manusia
Reports of ciguatera poisoning (Ref. 30303)
penggunaan manusia
Perikanan: nilai komersial kecil; Akuarium: Komersial
Alat, peralatan
laporan khas
muat turun XML
Sumber internet
Estimasi berdasarkan model
Suhu yang disukai (Acuan
123201): 22.9 - 28, mean 26.6 °C (based on 410 cells).
Indeks keanekaragaman filogenetik (Acuan
82804): PD
50 = 0.5001 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.03715 (0.02076 - 0.06650), b=2.92 (2.77 - 3.07), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Tingkat Trofik (Acuan
69278): 2.8 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 9.2 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2
growth studies.
Daya lenting (Acuan
120179): Rendah, Waktu penggandaan populasi minimum 4.5 - 14 tahun (K=0.12-0.21; tmax=27;).
Kerentanan Penangkapan Ikan (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (39 of 100).
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Nutrisi (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 27.3 [12.3, 50.1] mg/100g; Iron = 0.534 [0.310, 0.915] mg/100g; Protein = 19.1 [17.9, 20.2] %; Omega3 = 0.157 [0.092, 0.269] g/100g; Selenium = 19.1 [9.3, 37.8] μg/100g; VitaminA = 30.8 [7.5, 115.5] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.777 [0.506, 1.173] mg/100g (wet weight);
