Environnement : milieu / zone climatique / profondeur / gamme de distribution
Écologie
marin; saumâtre démersal; profondeur 1 - 53 m (Ref. 9710). Subtropical; 46°N - 45°S, 98°W - 33°W
Western Atlantic: Canada (Ref. 5951) to Maine to Florida, USA (possibly from Nova Scotia, Canada), along coasts of central and south America (Ref. 26938) to Uruguay, including Bermuda and Gulf of Mexico (Ref. 9626). Rare in Greater Antilles (Ref. 26938).
Taille / Poids / Âge
Maturité: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 48.3 cm TL mâle / non sexé; (Ref. 9626); common length : 35.0 cm TL mâle / non sexé; (Ref. 5217); poids max. publié: 2.1 kg (Ref. 40637)
Épines dorsales (Total) : 9; Rayons mous dorsaux (Total) : 23; Épines anales: 3; Rayons mous anaux: 18. Pelvic fin small.
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal.
Adults are found in shallow coastal waters, usually over hard or sandy bottoms. Juveniles may be encountered in estuarine areas (Ref. 9626) and off sandy beaches (Ref. 5217). Found in schools, but may be encountered in small groups or in pairs (Ref. 26235). Adults feed on small crabs, shrimps, fishes, and worms. Flesh has excellent flavor (Ref. 5521). Marketed fresh (Ref. 9710).
Cycle de vie et comportement reproducteur
Maturité | Reproduction | Frai | Œufs | Fécondité | Larves
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
Statut dans la liste rouge de l'IUCN (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
Menace pour l'homme
Reports of ciguatera poisoning (Ref. 30911)
Utilisations par l'homme
Pêcheries: intérêt commercial mineur; pêche sportive: oui; Aquarium: Aquariums publics
Outils
Articles particuliers
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Sources Internet
Estimations basées sur des modèles
Température préférée (Réf.
123201): 11.8 - 27.9, mean 24.2 °C (based on 648 cells).
Indice de diversité phylogénétique (Réf.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5078 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01288 (0.01149 - 0.01444), b=2.95 (2.92 - 2.98), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Niveau trophique (Réf.
69278): 4.3 ±0.4 se; based on diet studies.
Résilience (Réf.
120179): Milieu, temps minimum de doublement de population : 1,4 à 4,4 années (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Vulnérabilité de la pêche (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (38 of 100).
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Nutriments (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 98.3 [55.1, 209.5] mg/100g; Iron = 1.33 [0.75, 2.58] mg/100g; Protein = 19.2 [17.4, 21.5] %; Omega3 = 0.43 [0.26, 0.73] g/100g; Selenium = 22 [12, 45] μg/100g; VitaminA = 10 [3, 30] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.709 [0.507, 1.020] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.