Lingkungan: lingkungan / zona iklim / kisaran kedalaman / jangkauan distribusi
Ekologi
laut berasosiasi dengan karang; kisaran kedalaman 4 - 100 m (Ref. 6390). Tropical; 30°N - 33°S, 33°E - 134°W (Ref. 5222)
Indo-Pacific: Kenya to Delagoa Bay, Mozambique, eastward to the Tuamoto Islands, north to the Ryukyu Islands, south to Queensland, Australia and including most islands of the Indian Ocean and of western and central Pacific. Unknown in the Red Sea and Persian Gulf. Misidentified as Plectropomus maculatus by some authors (Ref. 6448, 6892).
Panjang pada saat jatuh tempo pertama / Ukuran / Berat / umur
Kematangan: Lm ?, range 60 - ? cm
Max length : 125 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 30573); common length : 84.0 cm SL jantan/; (Ref. 37816); Berat maksimum terpublikasi: 24.2 kg (Ref. 40637)
Duri punggung (Keseluruhan (total)) : 7 - 8; duri punggung lunak (Keseluruhan (total)) : 10 - 12; Duri dubur: 3; Sirip dubur lunak: 8.
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal; Cross section: oval.
A voracious piscivore inhabiting coral-rich areas of lagoon and seaward reefs. Encountered most frequently in channels and outer shelf reefs. Migrate over short distances to spawn, forming large aggregations, maybe 1 or 2 per reef (Ref. 6390). Feeds mostly on fishes, and occasionally on crustaceans (Ref. 9710). The prey comprises a variety of large reef fishes, including groupers, and this diet of large fishes is responsible for the high concentrations of ciguatera toxins. Juveniles may mimic the pufferfish Canthigaster valentini. Usually wary (Ref. 9710). The young have a demersal existence in shallow water in reef habitats, especially around coral rubble (Ref. 27259). They feed on small fish and invertebrates such as crustaceans and squid (Ref. 27261). Eggs float just below the surface (Ref. 6390). The pelagic larvae are found in habitats similar to those of the adults (Ref. 27260). An excellent table fish (Ref. 6390).
Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall, 1993. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222)
Status IUCN Red List (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
ancaman kepada manusia
Reports of ciguatera poisoning (Ref. 1602)
penggunaan manusia
Perikanan: komersial; Ikan buruan: ya
Alat, peralatan
laporan khas
muat turun XML
Sumber internet
Estimasi berdasarkan model
Suhu yang disukai (Acuan
123201): 25.5 - 28.9, mean 27.6 °C (based on 276 cells).
Indeks keanekaragaman filogenetik (Acuan
82804): PD
50 = 0.5039 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00977 (0.00589 - 0.01620), b=3.07 (2.93 - 3.21), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Tingkat Trofik (Acuan
69278): 4.1 ±0.57 se; based on food items.
Daya lenting (Acuan
120179): sedang, Waktu penggandaan populasi minimum 1.4 - 4.4 tahun (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Kerentanan Penangkapan Ikan (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (61 of 100).
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Nutrisi (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 20.8 [13.2, 35.1] mg/100g; Iron = 0.482 [0.266, 0.777] mg/100g; Protein = 18.7 [16.9, 20.3] %; Omega3 = 0.133 [0.090, 0.206] g/100g; Selenium = 47.6 [28.5, 84.4] μg/100g; VitaminA = 76.1 [28.9, 230.2] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.698 [0.493, 0.988] mg/100g (wet weight);
