Ambiente: milieu / zona climatica / distribuzione batimetrica / gamma di distribuzione
Ecologia
marino; acqua dolce; salmastro demersale; catadromo (Ref. 46888); distribuzione batimetrica 2 - 15 m (Ref. 130217). Subtropical; 65°N - 12°N, 24°W - 36°E
Eastern Atlantic Ocean: from Iceland, the Faroe Islands, and southern Norway to the Cape Verde archipelago; the Azores archipelago appears to be the westernmost limit of its range; the Mediterranean and Black Sea basins.
Lunghezza alla prima maturità / Dimensione / Peso / Età
Maturità: Lm 29.5 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 75.0 cm SL maschio/sesso non determinato; (Ref. 35388); common length : 32.0 cm SL maschio/sesso non determinato; (Ref. 7399); peso massimo pubblicato: 4.5 kg (Ref. 35388); Età massima riportata: 25 anni (Ref. 35388)
Spine dorsali (totale) : 5; Raggi dorsali molli (totale) : 7 - 9; Spine anali: 3; Raggi anali molli: 8 - 9.
Body shape (shape guide): elongated.
Adults are found inshore in schools, frequently entering brackish lagoons and freshwater (Ref. 30578). They migrate occasionally tending to move northward in summer-time as temperatures rise. Females are larger than males (Ref. 59043). Adults feed mainly on benthic diatoms, epiphytic algae, small invertebrates and detritus (Ref. 2804), juveniles only feed on zooplankton (Ref. 59043). Oviparous (Ref. 205). Reproduction occurs in the sea during winter (Ref. 30578). Eggs and larvae pelagic. Utilized as a food fish (Ref. 4645).
Juveniles around 2.0 cm SL move to coastal lagoons and estuaries in April-June and return to sea in summer (Ref. 59043).
Thomson, J.M., 1986. Mugilidae. p. 344-349. In J. Daget, J.-P. Gosse and D.F.E. Thys van den Audenaerde (eds.) Check-list of the freshwater fishes of Africa (CLOFFA). ISNB, Brussels, MRAC; Tervuren; and ORSTOM, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 3573)
Stato della Lista Rossa IUCN (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
Minaccia per l'uomo
Harmless
Usi umani
Pesca: commerciale; Pesce da pesca sportiva: si; Acquario: Acquari pubblici
Strumenti
Rapporti speciali
Scarica XML
Fonti Internet
Stime basate su modelli
Temperatura preferita (Fonte Biblio.
123201): 8.8 - 20.1, mean 11 °C (based on 420 cells).
Indice di diversità filogenetica (Fonte Biblio.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5010 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00724 (0.00561 - 0.00935), b=3.11 (3.03 - 3.19), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Livello trofico (Fonte Biblio.
69278): 2.6 ±0.32 se; based on food items.
Resilienza (Fonte Biblio.
120179): Basso, tempo minimo di raddoppiamento della popolazione 4.5 - 14 anni (K=0.12-0.3; tm=3; tmax=25).
Vulnerabilità della pesca (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (63 of 100).
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Vulnerabilità climatica (Ref.
125649): Moderate to high vulnerability (51 of 100).
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Nutrienti (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 39.2 [10.7, 335.3] mg/100g; Iron = 0.623 [0.303, 1.151] mg/100g; Protein = 17.9 [16.5, 19.5] %; Omega3 = 0.399 [0.166, 0.964] g/100g; Selenium = 9.58 [3.60, 24.88] μg/100g; VitaminA = 7.52 [2.12, 24.93] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.571 [0.342, 0.951] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
