| Main Ref. | Vergara, R. and J.E. Randall, 1978 |
|---|---|
| Remarks | Found over mud and sand bottoms (Ref. 3792). Juveniles up to 8 cm are pelagic (Ref. 9626). Feeds mainly on benthic invertebrates (Ref. 3792); on fish and shrimps (Ref. 26338). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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| Substrate | Soft Bottom: sand; mud; |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | Vergara, R. and J.E. Randall, 1978 |
| Special habitats | |
| Special habitats Ref. |
| Ref. | |
|---|---|
| Associations | |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism |
| Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Sierra, L.M., R. Claro and O.A. Popova, 1994 |
| Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. | Gómez-Canchong, P., L. Manjarrés M., L.O. Duarte and J. Altamar, 2004 |
| Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| From diet composition | 3.93 | 0.66 | 3.79 | 0.59 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. |
| From individual food items | 4.05 | 0.70 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Ref. | Gómez-Canchong, P., L. Manjarrés M., L.O. Duarte and J. Altamar, 2004 | ||||