| Main Ref. | Wetherbee, B.M., S.H. Gruber and E. Cortes, 1990 |
|---|---|
| Remarks | Experiments in southwest Ireland showed that male individuals move from deeper water (12-24 m) during the day, to adjacent shallow feeding areas at dusk (<4 m), returning to the deeper waters at dawn (Ref. 88835). Not known to migrate long distances. |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
|
|
|
|
| Substrate | Soft Bottom |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | |
| Special habitats | |
| Special habitats Ref. |
| Ref. | |
|---|---|
| Associations | |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism |
| Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Gibson, R.N. and I.A. Ezzi, 1987 |
| Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. |
| Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| From diet composition | 3.82 | 0.26 | 3.62 | 0.49 | Troph of juv./adults from 2 studies. |
| From individual food items | 3.67 | 0.59 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Ref. | Ellis, J.R., M.G. Pawson and S.E. Shackley, 1996 | ||||