Ecology Summary - Pseudotropheus livingstonii

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Main Ref.	Ribbink, A.J., B.A. Marsh, A.C. Marsh, A.C. Ribbink and B.J. Sharp, 1983
Remarks	Fund in mixed schools of adults and subadults usually between 15-60 fish (max of 200 fish). Fish found in rocky ridges are most likely to be territorial, e.g. those found in Ponyemba at 4-12 m were males, about 2 m apart, highly aggressive intraspecifically and defended areas usually at base of rocks and centered around sand-scraped nests. Associated with these males were numerous females and non-territorial males which remained 2-3 m above the males in the water column, apparently feeding on plankton.

Main Ref.

Ribbink, A.J., B.A. Marsh, A.C. Marsh, A.C. Ribbink and B.J. Sharp, 1983

Remarks

Fund in mixed schools of adults and subadults usually between 15-60 fish (max of 200 fish). Fish found in rocky ridges are most likely to be territorial, e.g. those found in Ponyemba at 4-12 m were males, about 2 m apart, highly aggressive intraspecifically and defended areas usually at base of rocks and centered around sand-scraped nests. Associated with these males were numerous females and non-territorial males which remained 2-3 m above the males in the water column, apparently feeding on plankton.

Aquatic zones / Water bodies

	Marine - Neritic	Marine - Oceanic	Brackishwater	Freshwater
Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies	supra-littoral zone littoral zone sublittoral zone	epipelagic mesopelagic epipelagic abyssopelagic hadopelagic	estuaries/lagoons/brackish seas mangroves marshes/swamps	rivers/streams lakes/ponds caves exclusively in caves

Highighted items on the list are where Pseudotropheus livingstonii may be found.

Habitat

Substrate
Substrate Ref.
Special habitats
Special habitats Ref.

Associations

Ref.
Associations
Associated with
Association remarks
Parasitism

Feeding

Feeding type	mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up)
Feeding type Ref.	Ribbink, A.J., B.A. Marsh, A.C. Marsh, A.C. Ribbink and B.J. Sharp, 1983
Feeding habit	hunting macrofauna (predator)
Feeding habit Ref.	Ribbink, A.J., B.A. Marsh, A.C. Marsh, A.C. Ribbink and B.J. Sharp, 1983

Trophic Level(s)

Estimation method	Original sample		Unfished population		Remark
Estimation method	Troph	s.e.	Troph	s.e.	Remark
From diet composition	3.68	0.14	3.10	0.25	Troph of juv./adults from 1 study.
From individual food items
Ref.	Ribbink, A.J., B.A. Marsh, A.C. Marsh, A.C. Ribbink and B.J. Sharp, 1983

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Aquatic zones / Water bodies

Habitat

Associations

Feeding