| Main Ref. | Randall, J.E., 1967 |
|---|---|
| မွတ္ခ်က္မ်ား | Found inshore, usually along sandy beaches, in bays and inlets (Ref. 9283). Enters estuaries and freshwater (Ref. 9283). Prefers turbid water (Ref. 9283). Occurs in schools, usually large and fast moving, often leaping out of the water (Ref. 9283). Juveniles may float at the surface with tail bent and head down. Feeds on fishes and crustaceans (Ref. 9283). Its dorsal and anal spines are connected to venomous glands that can inflict painful wounds (Ref. 9283). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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| အလွှာ | : sand; |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | |
| အထူးနေရာများ | Coral Reefs; |
| အထူးနေထိုင်ရာများ Ref. |
| က်မ္းကိုးစာရင္း | Smith-Vaniz, W.F., 1995 |
|---|---|
| အသင်းအဖွဲ့များ | schooling; |
| နှင့်ဆက်စပ် | Scale-eating behavior was suggested to originate from opportunistic foraging on other fishes (cleaning) (Ref. 28733). Mutilators feeding on larger fishes' scales (Ref. 40396). |
| အသင်းမှ သဘောထားမှတ်ချက် | |
| ကပ်ပါးရောဂါ |
| အစာစားေသာက္ေသာ ပံုစံ | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| ကျွေးခြင်းအမျိုးအစား Ref. | Randall, J.E., 1967 |
| အစာစားျခင္း အေလ့အထ | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| အစာကျွေးခြင်းအလေ့အထ Ref. | Randall, J.E., 1967 |
| Estimation method | နမႈနာ/ စံျပေကာင္၏မူလေနရာ | ရပ္တန္႔သြားမည္မဟုတ္ေသာ ဦးေရ | မွတ္ခ်က္ေပးသည္ | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| အစာတြင္ပါ၀င္ေသာအဟာရရွိမႈမွ | 4.33 | 0.53 | 4.27 | 0.69 | Troph of juv./adults from 2 studies. |
| သီးျခားစားသံုးေသာအစာအမ်ိုဳးအစား မ်ားမွ | 3.53 | 0.52 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| က်မ္းကိုးစာရင္း | Duque-Nivia, G., A. Acero, A. Santos-Martinez and E. Rubio, 1996 | ||||