| 主要参考文献 | Sparholt, H., 1990 |
|---|---|
| 附注 | Found on rocky bottoms with sand or mud, or among seaweeds (Ref. 4698). Benthic (Ref. 58426). Feeds on fishes, large crustaceans, occasionally polychaetes, amphipods and benthic invertebrates (Ref. 4698, 12224). Preyed upon by black guillemots. Parasites of the species include 2 protozoans, 2 myxosporidians, 6 trematodes, 1 cestode, 3 nematodes and 4 hirudinoideans (Ref. 5951). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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| 基质 | Soft Bottom Hard Bottom; |
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| 基底 参考文献 | |
| 特殊生境 | |
| 特殊生境 编号 |
| 参考文献 | |
|---|---|
| 协会 | schooling; shoaling; |
| 相关联 | |
| 协会备注 | Spawns January-March; catches of males maximal January-February, increased catches of predominantly immature females towards end of spawning period; may be related to different migration patterns in males and females. Possibly after spawning, females migrate to other areas, whereas males stay behind and guard the eggs (Ref. 94977). Larvae display significant active locomotive behaviour immediately after hatching; critical swimming speed increases rapidly with size and age, improving steadily through early larval stages until metamorphosis (onvious transition point linked to settlement, may be attributed to habitat shift associated with settlement and locating a suitable habitat. Unusual swimming behaviour in that individuals did not swim directly into the flow but instead oriented their bodies upward slightly relative to the flow streamlines. This behaviour may be linked to better dispersal by placing individuals in surface waters; important to note that this behaviour was observed in multiple batches of larvae in different years and in different sets of laboratory conditions, suggesting that it is not an artefact (Ref. 94976). Sluggish, often stationary, swims slowly with undulating motion. Except for slight seasonal movement to localities and depths where temperatures are lower, no evidence that they undertake any more extensive seasonal migrations (Ref. 86779). |
| 寄生虫 |
| 摄取食物的类型 | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| 供料类型 参考号 | Fedorov, V.V., 1986 |
| 摄取食物的习惯 | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| 喂食习惯 参考文献 |
| Estimation method | 最初的样本 | 不捕获族群 | 附注 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| 从食物内容 | 3.89 | 3.60 | 0.27 | Troph of adults from 1 study. | |
| 从个别的食物项目 | 3.76 | 0.79 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| 参考文献 | Bowman, R.E., C.E. Stillwell, W.L. Michaels and M.D. Grosslein, 2000 | ||||