| Главная ссылка. | Svetovidov, A.N., 1986 |
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| Примечания | Juveniles are found in deep waters (<17cm) and move to coastal waters where they display an average length of (33 cm length). Longer individuals are found in nursery areas where they feed and grow then move to deeper areas to spawn (Ref. 56328). Found in shoals, in deep water in winter and more inshore in summer. Feed almost entirely on fish, in deep water blue whiting, in summer whiting, Norway pout, and herring (Ref. 4772). Small juveniles prey on small crustaceans (euphausiids, natantian decapods and mysids), while fish assume an increasing importance in the diet with increasing size of hake (Ref. 53691). Feeding intensity was significantly correlated with phytoplankton pigment concentrations (ppc) (Ref. 53691). Cannibalism increases with age, notably in the northern part of the bay of Biscay and in Celtic Sea (Ref. 56328). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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| Субстрат | Soft Bottom: sand; mud; Hard Bottom: rocky; |
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| Подложка Ссылка. | |
| Особые места обитания | |
| Особые места обитания Ref. |
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| Ассоциации | |
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| Замечания ассоциации | |
| Паразитизм |
| Тип кормления | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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| Тип подачи Ссылка. | Hickling, C.F., 1927 |
| Привычка питаться | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Привычки питания Ref. | Svetovidov, A.N., 1986 |
| Estimation method | Оригинальный образец | Непромысловая популяция | Замечание | ||
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| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| От состава рациона | 4.42 | 4.38 | 0.76 | Troph of adults from 1 study. | |
| Из отдельных продуктов питания | 4.43 | 1.05 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| ссылка | Bozzano, A., L. Recasens and P. Sartor, 1997 | ||||