| Ref. principal | Pauly, D., 1989 |
|---|---|
| Notas | Feeds mainly on benthic organisms (Ref. 26807). Preyed upon by cod, pollock, white hake, harbor and grey seals. Parasites of the species include Lepidapedon rachion, Myxidium bergense, a coccidian parasite Eimeria gadi, 4 protozoans, 2 myxosporidians, 2 trematodes, 2 cestodes, 6 nematodes, 2 acanthocephalans and 4 copepods (Ref. 5951). See also Ref. 8999. |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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| Substrato | : rocky; |
|---|---|
| Substrato Ref. | |
| Special habitats | |
| Habitats especiais Ref. |
| Ref. | |
|---|---|
| Associações | |
| Associado a | |
| Observações da associação | |
| Parasitism |
| Tipo de alimentação | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Tipo de alimentação Ref. | Jiang, W. and T. Jørgensen, 1996 |
| Hábito alimentar | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Hábito alimentar Ref. |
| Estimation method | Amostra original | População virgem (não pescada) | Nota | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| Da composição da dieta | 4.03 | 0.13 | 4.04 | 0.66 | Troph of adults from 12 studies. |
| Dos itens alimentares individuais | 3.56 | 0.67 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Ref. | Daan, N., 1989 | ||||