| Ref. principal | Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985 |
|---|---|
| Notas | Migrating inshore to breed, but without any strong north-south migrations, the populations being localized. Apparently landlocked populations (races) exist in the lakes of South Sakhalin, eastern Hokkaido and eastern Honshu. Salinity resistance (min. 1.5%) is maximal in newly hatched larvae and fry, and minimal in larvae of 20-30 days old (Ref. 6507). Pelagic and neritic. Schooling species. Moves vertically at the water column, surfacing in the evening and descending at dawn. Found in nearshore areas; in harbors, inlets, bays and brackish estuaries when spawning; and may enter fresh water. Biological anti-freeze enables tolerance to below zero temperatures up to -1.4°C. Feeds on crustaceans, benthic infauna, foraminiferans, plant materials, and fishes (Ref. 117245). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
|
|
|
|
| Substrato | Pelagic; |
|---|---|
| Substrato Ref. | Coad, B.W. and J.D. Reist, 2018 |
| Special habitats | |
| Habitats especiais Ref. |
| Ref. | Coad, B.W. and J.D. Reist, 2018 |
|---|---|
| Associações | schooling; |
| Associado a | Lethenteron camtschaticum. |
| Observações da associação | Lethenteron camtschaticum found attached to this species. |
| Parasitism |
| Tipo de alimentação | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Tipo de alimentação Ref. | Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985 |
| Hábito alimentar | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Hábito alimentar Ref. | Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985 |
| Estimation method | Amostra original | População virgem (não pescada) | Nota | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| Da composição da dieta | 3.16 | 0.19 | Troph of juv./adults from 2 studies. | ||
| Dos itens alimentares individuais | 3.46 | 0.53 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Ref. | Brodeur, R.D. and P.A. Livingston, 1988 | ||||