| 主要參考文獻。 | Cervigón, F., R. Cipriani, W. Fischer, L. Garibaldi, M. Hendrickx, A.J. Lemus, R. Márquez, J.M. Poutiers, G. Robaina and B. Rodriguez, 1992 |
|---|---|
| 附註 | Found over soft bottoms of the continental shelf; sometimes forming schools near the surface (Ref. 5217). Feeds on fish, cephalopods, zooplankton and detritus (Ref. 28587, 57616). Juveniles common in brackish estuaries (Ref. 5217) and often associated with jellyfish. Larvae feed primarily on cladoceran Penilia avirostris, copepods and nauplii, and the number and size of prey increased with larval development (Ref. 75983). These are the main food item components of the larval diet in spring and summer. Larval feeding incidence was higher during the day and it increases as the larvae grow (Ref. 75983). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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| 基板 | Soft Bottom |
|---|---|
| 基板參考值 | |
| 特殊棲息地 | |
| 特殊棲息地 Ref. |
| 參考文獻 | Cervigón, F., R. Cipriani, W. Fischer, L. Garibaldi, M. Hendrickx, A.J. Lemus, R. Márquez, J.M. Poutiers, G. Robaina and B. Rodriguez, 1992 |
|---|---|
| 協會 | schooling; |
| 相關聯 | |
| 協會備註 | |
| 寄生 |
| 攝取食物的類型 | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| 供料類型 Ref. | Diouf, P.S., 1996 |
| 攝取食物的習慣 | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| 餵飼習慣 Ref. | Gómez-Canchong, P., L. Manjarrés M., L.O. Duarte and J. Altamar, 2004 |
| Estimation method | 最初的樣本 | 不捕獲族群 | 附註 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| 從食物內容 | 3.54 | 0.21 | 3.23 | 0.53 | Troph of juv./adults from 2 studies. |
| 從個別的食物項目 | 3.53 | 0.44 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| 參考文獻 | Gómez-Canchong, P., L. Manjarrés M., L.O. Duarte and J. Altamar, 2004 | ||||