| Réf. principale | Palomares, M.L.D. and D. Pauly, 1989 |
|---|---|
| Remarques | Common in clear insular areas or in coral reefs off mainland coasts (Ref. 5217). Juveniles frequent areas with algae (e.g. Sargassum) (Ref. 26235). Usually in schools which may be spawning groups; occasionally solitary. Is a bentho-pelagic predator--feeds predominatly in the pelagic zone, although it can actively catch prey from the bottom (Ref. 43978). Piscivore (Ref. 57616). Cleaned by goby (Gobiosoma evelynae and others), hogfish (Bodianus rufus), and wrasse (Thalassoma trifasciatum) as observed on the coral reefs in Bonaire, Netherlands Antilles (Ref. 36810). Predominantly inhabits sandy substrates (Ref. 128694). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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| Substrat | Soft Bottom: sand; |
|---|---|
| Substrat Réf. | Harper, L.M., J.S. Lefcheck, R. Whippo, M.S. Jones, Z. Foltz and J.E. Duffy, 2022 |
| Habitats spéciaux | Beds: algae/seaweed; Coral Reefs; |
| Habitats particuliers Réf. | Cervigón, F., R. Cipriani, W. Fischer, L. Garibaldi, M. Hendrickx, A.J. Lemus, R. Márquez, J.M. Poutiers, G. Robaina and B. Rodriguez, 1992 |
| Réf. | |
|---|---|
| Associations | solitary; schooling; |
| Associé avec | Also cleaned by Pomacanthus paru observed at the reefs of the Abrolhos Archipelago, off eastern Brazil (Ref. 40094). |
| Remarques sur les associations | |
| Parasitisme |
| Type de prise alimentaire | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Type d'alimentation Réf. | Randall, J.E., 1967 |
| Habitude alimentaire | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Habitudes alimentaires Réf. | Randall, J.E., 1967 |
| Estimation method | Échantillon original | Population non pêchée | Remarque | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| À partir du régime alimentaire | 4.28 | 0.15 | 4.12 | 0.62 | Troph of juv./adults from 14 studies. |
| À partir des éléments alimentaires | 3.81 | 0.70 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Réf. | Sierra, L.M., R. Claro and O.A. Popova, 1994 | ||||