| Rif. principale. | Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985 |
|---|---|
| Osservazioni | Euryhaline, anadromous, possibly wintering near the bottom and out from the coast, approaching the shore in late spring. Feeds opportunistically on fauna other than zooplankton (Ref. 5722). Parasite of the species is known to be Echinorhynchus acus (acanthocephalan) (Ref. 5951). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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| Substrato | |
|---|---|
| Substrato Rif. | |
| Habitat speciali | |
| Habitat speciali Rif. |
| Fonte Biblio. | |
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| Associazioni | |
| Associato a | |
| Osservazioni dell'associazione | |
| Parassitismo |
| Tipo di alimentazione | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Tipo di alimentazione Rif. | Davis, B.M. and J.W. Foltz, 1991 |
| Abitudini alimentari | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Abitudini alimentari Rif. | Davis, B.M. and J.W. Foltz, 1991 |
| Estimation method | Campione originale | Popolazione non pescata | Commento | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| Dalla composizione della dieta | 3.81 | 0.26 | 3.50 | 0.26 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. |
| Da singoli alimenti | 3.42 | 0.42 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Fonte Biblio. | Bowman, R.E., C.E. Stillwell, W.L. Michaels and M.D. Grosslein, 2000 | ||||